dispute resolution
European Union imposes diverse sanctions to Nigeria for several human rights violations.
ID: Title: European Union imposes diverse sanctions to Nigeria for several human rights violations. Source: Common Position defined by the Council on the basis of Article J.2 of the Treaty on European Union, on Nigeria (95/515/CFSP). Parties: Unilateral decision from the EU Dispute Resolution Organ: European Council Year: 1995 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: Nigeria, European […]
Action for non-compliance filed by the Association of Colombian Pharmaceuticals (ASINFAR) against the Republic of Colombia for issuing the Decree 2085 from September 19, 2002 in alleged violation of articles 4 of the agreement establishing the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, articles 260 to 266, 276 and 279 of Decision 486 of the Commission of the Andean Community.
ID: Title: Action for non-compliance filed by the Association of Colombian Pharmaceuticals (ASINFAR) against the Republic of Colombia for issuing the Decree 2085 from September 19, 2002 in alleged violation of articles 4 of the agreement establishing the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, articles 260 to 266, 276 and 279 of Decision 486 […]
Action for non-compliance filed by the Inter-American Society Game Technology Ltda. against the Republic of Ecuador, for the alleged breach of the articles 4 of the agreement establishing the Court of Justice of the Andean Community; 80 c) of the Cartagena Agreement; 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 26 of Decision 439 of June 11, 1998 from the Commission of the Andean Community; articles 2 numbers 1, 3 and 4; and articles 3 and 4 of the Decision 510 of October 30, 2001 from the Commission of the Andean Community; and the articles XVI y XVII of the AGCS (General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS), incorporated by reference to the Andean legislation by the mentioned decisions.
ID: Title: Action for non-compliance filed by the Inter-American Society Game Technology Ltda. against the Republic of Ecuador, for the alleged breach of the articles 4 of the agreement establishing the Court of Justice of the Andean Community; 80 c) of the Cartagena Agreement; 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 26 of Decision 439 of […]
Action for non-compliance filed by the General Secretariat of the Andean Community against the Republic of Ecuador, for the alleged breach of articles 4 of the Agreement establishing the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, of article 77 of Cartagena Agreement, and the Resolution 897 of the General Secretariat of the Andean Community.
ID: Title: Action for non-compliance filed by the General Secretariat of the Andean Community against the Republic of Ecuador, for the alleged breach of articles 4 of the Agreement establishing the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, of article 77 of Cartagena Agreement, and the Resolution 897 of the General Secretariat of the Andean […]
Action for non-compliance filed by the societies Farmagro S.A., Bayer S.A., Basf Peruana S.A., Productos Químicos Peruanos S.A., Farmex, S.A., San Miguel Industrial S.A., Tecnología Química y Comercio, S.A., Servicios y Formulaciones Industriales S.A. and SYNGENTA CROP Protección S.A., against the Republic of Peru, for the alleged breach of articles 2, 3 and 4 of the agreement establishing the Court of Justice of the Andean Community; articles 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 22 of Decision 436 of the Commission of the Andean Community, and generalities and Section 2 of the Technical Handbook for the Register and Control of Chemical Pesticides for Agricultural Use, adopted by Resolution 630 of the General Secretariat.
ID: Title: Action for non-compliance filed by the societies Farmagro S.A., Bayer S.A., Basf Peruana S.A., Productos Químicos Peruanos S.A., Farmex, S.A., San Miguel Industrial S.A., Tecnología Química y Comercio, S.A., Servicios y Formulaciones Industriales S.A. and SYNGENTA CROP Protección S.A., against the Republic of Peru, for the alleged breach of articles 2, 3 and […]
Dispute between the Oriental Republic of Uruguay and the Republic of Argentina “Import ban on remoulded tires”
ID: Title: Dispute between the Oriental Republic of Uruguay and the Republic of Argentina “Import ban on remoulded tires” Source: Permanent Tribunal of Revision (Tribunal Permanente de Revisión, TPR) Parties: Oriental Republic of Uruguay and the Republic of Argentina Dispute Resolution Organ: Ad Hoc Arbitral Tribunal. Year: 2005 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: Argentina, Uruguay, MERCOSUR, […]
Dispute between the Oriental Republic of Uruguay and the Republic of Argentina “Omission from the Argentinean State in adopting appropriate measures to prevent and/or make end the restriction to free movement derived from the cuts of access ways in Argentinean territory to the international bridges of Gral. San Martín and Gral. Artigas that join the Republic of Argentina with the Oriental Republic of Uruguay.”
ID: Title: Dispute between the Oriental Republic of Uruguay and the Republic of Argentina “Omission from the Argentinean State in adopting appropriate measures to prevent and/or make end the restriction to free movement derived from the cuts of access ways in Argentinean territory to the international bridges of Gral. San Martín and Gral. Artigas that […]
European Union temporarily withdraws GSP+ trade benefits from Sri Lanka
ID: Title: European Union temporarily withdraws GSP+ trade benefits from Sri Lanka Source: Regulation (EU) No. 143/2010 of the Council. Parties: Unilateral decision from the EU Dispute Resolution Organ: European Council Year: 2010 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: Sri Lanka, European Union, trade, European Council, human rights, dispute reports, dispute resolution Abstract: Summary of Facts: • […]
European Union temporarily withdraws GSP+ trade benefits from Myanmar
ID: Title: European Union temporarily withdraws GSP+ trade benefits from Myanmar Source: Council Regulation (EU) No. 552/97 Parties: Unilateral decision from the EU Dispute Resolution Organ: European Council Year: 1997 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: Myanmar, European Union, European Council, trade, human rights, dispute reports, dispute resolution Abstract: Summary of Facts: • In June 1995 the […]
Research Report on ANDEAN COMMUNITY Decisions
ID: Title: Research Report on ANDEAN COMMUNITY Decisions Source: Review of 67 decisions issued by the Court of Justice of the Andean Community from 2006-2010 (July). Parties: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and/or Peru. Dispute Resolution Organ: As part of the integration process, the members of the Andean Community created the Court of Justice, which is the […]
Research Report on MERCOSUR Decisions
ID: Title: Research Report on MERCOSUR Decisions Source: Review of 8 decisions issued by the Adhoc Arbitral Tribunal or Permanent Tribunal of Revision from Mercosur pursuant to the Treaty of Asuncion and its Protocols from 2005-2009. Parties: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and/or Uruguay. Dispute Resolution Organ: The system for dispute settlement in Mercosur was temporarily regulated […]
Research Report on NAFTA Decisions
ID: Title: Research Report on NAFTA Decisions Source: Review of 45 decisions issued by Binational Panels created pursuant to the rules of Chapter XIX of NAFTA, from 2004-2009. Parties: Canada, Mexico and/or United States. Dispute Resolution Organ: Binational Panels created according to Chapter XIX of NAFTA. Year: 2004-2009 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: Canada, dispute reports, […]
Multidimensional Nature of School Harassment: An Empirical Analysis of Women’s Sexual Harassment Complaints
ID: HARP-125 Title: Multidimensional Nature of School Harassment: An Empirical Analysis of Women’s Sexual Harassment Complaints Source: Violence Against Women, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 118, February 2000 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 2000 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: Canada, dispute resolution, economic, social, and cultural rights, employment, gender equality, human rights, woman, […]
Zheng Hong Li Company v. Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Baoshan District, Shanghai
ID: TARP-038 Title: Zheng Hong Li Company v. Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Baoshan District, Shanghai Source: Shanghai No.2 Intermediate People’s Court Website Parties: Zheng Hong Li Company (plaintiff) v. Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Baoshan District, Shanghai (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: People’s Court, Baoshan District, Shanghai (first instance); Shanghai No.2 Intermediate People’s Court (Court […]
OVERCOMING THE CLASH OF LEGAL CULTURES: THE ROLE OF INTERACTIVE ARBITRATION
ID: TARP-176 Title: OVERCOMING THE CLASH OF LEGAL CULTURES: THE ROLE OF INTERACTIVE ARBITRATION Source: Arbitration International, Volume 14, No. 2, page 157 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 1998 Pages: 0 Author(s): Bernardo M. Cremades Keywords: arbitration, dispute resolution, enforcement, legal culture, international arbitration, interactive arbitration, harmonization Abstract: Today’s worldwide business activities have […]
In the wake of the flood: ‘Like products’ and cultural products after the World Trade Organization’s decision in Canada certain measures concerning periodicals
ID: HARP-585 Title: In the wake of the flood: ‘Like products’ and cultural products after the World Trade Organization’s decision in Canada certain measures concerning periodicals Source: University of Pennsylvania Law Review; Nov98, Vol. 147 Issue 1, p245, 34p, 1 chart Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 1998 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: Canada, […]
THE BEGINNING OF THE RULE OF LAW IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE SYSTEM DESPIT U.S. CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS
ID: TARP-182 Title: THE BEGINNING OF THE RULE OF LAW IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE SYSTEM DESPIT U.S. CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS Source: 17 Mich. J. Int’l L. 967 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 1996 Pages: 0 Author(s): Yong K. Kim Keywords: constitution, dispute resolution, enforcement, international trade, NAFTA, rule of law, sovereignty, trade, transparency, US, judicial authority, […]
Labor Management Bureau, Pingshan County, Hebei Province v. Local Tax Authorities, Pingshan County, Hebei Province
ID: TARP-044 Title: Labor Management Bureau, Pingshan County, Hebei Province v. Local Tax Authorities, Pingshan County, Hebei Province Source: State Information Center: State Regulations Database Parties: Labor Management Bureau, Pingshan County, Hebei Province (plaintiff) v. Local Tax Authorities, Pingshan County, Hebei Province (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: People’s Court of Pingshan Country, Hebei Province Year: 1997 […]
Wholesale & Retail Department of Salt Company, the city of Pinghu, Zhejiang Province v. shanghai Industrial and Commerce Administrative Bureau, Jinashan Branch Bureau
ID: TARP-043 Title: Wholesale & Retail Department of Salt Company, the city of Pinghu, Zhejiang Province v. shanghai Industrial and Commerce Administrative Bureau, Jinashan Branch Bureau Source: Shanghai No.1 Intermediate People’s Court website Parties: Wholesale & Retail Department of Salt Company, the city of Pinghu, Zhejiang Province (plaintiff) v. shanghai Industrial and Commerce Administrative Bureau, […]
Mr. Yuguang Li, Mr. Jighong, Mr. Cheng Yang v. State-owned Land Resource Bureau, Huizhou, Guangdong
ID: TARP-042 Title: Mr. Yuguang Li, Mr. Jighong, Mr. Cheng Yang v. State-owned Land Resource Bureau, Huizhou, Guangdong Source: Huizhou Intermediate People’s Court website Parties: Mr. Yuguang Li, Mr. Jighong, Mr. Cheng Yang (plaintiff) v. State-owned Land Resource Bureau, Huizhou, Guangdong (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: People’s Court, Huicheng District, Shenzhen (first instance); State-owned Land Resource […]
Ms. Liu Limei v. Board of Hearty, Nanshan District, Shenzhen
ID: TARP-041 Title: Ms. Liu Limei v. Board of Hearty, Nanshan District, Shenzhen Source: Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court website Parties: Ms. Liu Limei (plaintiff) v. Board of Hearty, Nanshan District, Shenzhen (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: People’s Court, Nanshan District, Shenzhen (first instance); Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court (Court of appeal, final decision) Year: 2003 Pages: 0 […]
Mr. Fasen Li v Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Autonomy County of Tu Zu
ID: TARP-032 Title: Mr. Fasen Li v Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Autonomy County of Tu Zu Source: State Informaiton Center: State Regulation Datebase Parties: Mr. Fasen Li (plaintiff) v Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Autonomy County of Tu Zu (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: First instance: People’s Court, Autonomy County of Tu Zu; Court of […]
Jin Man Ke Electric Ltd. V State Revenue of Shenzhen
ID: TARP-031 Title: Jin Man Ke Electric Ltd. V State Revenue of Shenzhen Source: Cases Selection of the People’s Court, vol 3, 2000 Parties: Jin Man Ke Electric Ltd. (Plaintiff) V State Revenue of Shenzhen (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court Year: 1997 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: China, dispute resolution, fine, Shenzhen, state […]
China’s Policy towards the WTO Dispute Settlement Body
ID: TARP-244 Title: China’s Policy towards the WTO Dispute Settlement Body Source: Zhongguo Ruan Kexue (Soft Science of China), Nov. 2000 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 2000 Pages: 0 Author(s): Minyou Yu Keywords: China, dispute resolution, dispute settlement, rule of law, trade, WTO, countermeasure Abstract: This article specifies that China should seek to establish the […]
Dispute Resolution Mechanism under the WTO and China’s Entry into the WTO: Challenges and Opportunities
ID: TARP-234 Title: Dispute Resolution Mechanism under the WTO and China’s Entry into the WTO: Challenges and Opportunities Source: Guowai Shehui Kexue (Social Science of Foreign Countries), No. 6, 2000 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 2000 Pages: 0 Author(s): Minyou Yu Keywords: China, dispute resolution, dispute settlement, legal system, trade, WTO Abstract: This article analyzes […]
The Case Study of Medical Disputes Resolution (Yiliao Jiufen Shenpan Anli Pingxi)
ID: BKBK-001 Title: The Case Study of Medical Disputes Resolution (Yiliao Jiufen Shenpan Anli Pingxi) Source: The Secondary Military Medical University Press (Di’er Junyi Daxue Chubanshe), 2003 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 2003 Pages: 330 Author(s): Ying Zhang Keywords: China, dispute resolution Abstract: Secured: False Download Article: Copy on file with the APDR project
Labor contract should be revised when the employer changed
ID: HARP-106 Title: Labor contract should be revised when the employer changed Source: Beijing Labor Protection Website Parties: Mr. Chen vs. B Company Dispute Resolution Organ: Labor Dispute Arbitration Committee Year: 2002 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: China, dispute resolution, employment, human rights, labor dispute, labor contract Abstract: Mr. Chen and A Company signed a five-year […]
Was it labor dispute or loan dispute?
ID: HARP-091 Title: Was it labor dispute or loan dispute? Source: Li Jianfei, Chinese Court Web Parties: A foreign company vs. Wang Dispute Resolution Organ: A court Year: 2000 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: arbitration, China, dispute resolution, employment, human rights, labor law, labor dispute, labor contract Abstract: Wang signed a labor contract with the foreign […]
IMPACT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ON DISPUTE RESOLUTION
ID: TARP-169 Title: IMPACT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ON DISPUTE RESOLUTION Source: 7 Australian Dispute Resolution Journal p.197 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 1996 Pages: 0 Author(s): Lim Lan Yuan Keywords: China, consultation, culture, dispute resolution, enforcement, negotiation, Singapore Abstract: Arising from differences in culture of societies, dispute resolution is likely to be perceived differently by […]
Yanchang Machine Factory, Shanghai v. Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Putuo District, Shanghai
ID: TARP-055 Title: Yanchang Machine Factory, Shanghai v. Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Putuo District, Shanghai Source: State Information Center: State Regulations Database Parties: Yanchang Machine Factory, Shanghai (plaintiff) v. Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Putuo District, Shanghai (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: First instance: People’s Court, Qingyang District, Chengdu; Court of appeal (final decision): Shanghai […]
The worker with mental disability after injury in work was compensated
ID: HARP-039 Title: The worker with mental disability after injury in work was compensated Source: Xu Jian and Zhu Liyi, Chinese Court Website Parties: Wang vs. Gong Dispute Resolution Organ: Yuhang District Court Year: 2002 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: China, dispute resolution, employment, human rights, health, labor dispute, injury in duty Abstract: Wang worked for […]
The Case Study of Consumer Rights Protection Disputes (Xiaofei Weiquan Dianxing Anli Xuan)
ID: BKBK-004 Title: The Case Study of Consumer Rights Protection Disputes (Xiaofei Weiquan Dianxing Anli Xuan) Source: Sea and Sky Press (Haitian Chubanshe), 2001 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 2001 Pages: 142 Author(s): Weinan Li Keywords: China, dispute resolution Abstract: Secured: False Download Article: Copy on file with the APDR project
The Case Study of Real Estate Law (Fangdichan Fa Dianxing Panli Yanjiu)
ID: BKBK-005 Title: The Case Study of Real Estate Law (Fangdichan Fa Dianxing Panli Yanjiu) Source: The People’s Court Press (Renmin Fayuan Chubanshe), 2003 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 2003 Pages: 495 Author(s): Shaokun Fang, Liping Wang Keywords: China, dispute resolution, law, real estate Abstract: Secured: False Download Article: Copy on file with the APDR […]
Colliding Rights in the Schools: Trinity Western University v. The British Columbia College of Teachers
ID: HARP-243 Title: Colliding Rights in the Schools: Trinity Western University v. The British Columbia College of Teachers Source: Journal of Educational Thought v. 36 no. 3 (December 2002) p. 207-28 Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 2000 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: adjudication, Canada, democracy, discrimination, dispute resolution, economic, social, and cultural rights, human rights, non-discrimination, […]
Canada and human security: the need for leadership
ID: HARP-155 Title: Canada and human security: the need for leadership Source: International Journal , v.52(2) Spr’97 pg 183-196 CBCA Fulltext: http://delos.lib.sfu.ca:8366/cgi-bin/slri/z3950.CGI/137.82.100.228.593447329/?cbca.db Parties: Dispute Resolution Organ: Year: 1997 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: Canada, democracy, developing countries, dispute resolution, human rights, civil and political rights, security, liberty Abstract: Canada has both the capacity […]
BELL CANADA, Applicant, vs. COMMUNICATIONS, ENERGY AND PAPERWORKERS UNION OF CANADA, CANADIAN TELEPHONE EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION, and FEMMES ACTION, Respondents. and CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
ID: HARP-130 Title: BELL CANADA, Applicant, vs. COMMUNICATIONS, ENERGY AND PAPERWORKERS UNION OF CANADA, CANADIAN TELEPHONE EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION, and FEMMES ACTION, Respondents. and CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION Source: http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document?_m=d087360c20f56c6e3ac95f6c3023f57f&_docnum=6&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkVb&_md5=28ef5fa73a0329f0dd2c40ecb740d720 Parties: Complainant: BELL CANADA Respondents: COMMUNICATIONS, ENERGY AND PAPERWORKERS UNION OF CANADA, CANADIAN TELEPHONE EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION, and FEMMES ACTION Interveners: CANADIAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSI Dispute Resolution […]
Ms. Jin Yuan v. Chengdu Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Sichuan Province
ID: TARP-045 Title: Ms. Jin Yuan v. Chengdu Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Sichuan Province Source: State Information Center: State Regulation Database Parties: Ms. Jin Yuan (plaintiff) v. Chengdu Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Sichuan Province (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: People’s Court, Qingyang District, Chengdu (first instance); Chengdu Intermediate People’s Court (court of appeal, final […]
Asian-Pacific Trade General Company v. Industrial and commercial Administrative Bureau, Baoji, Shanxi Province
ID: TARP-047 Title: Asian-Pacific Trade General Company v. Industrial and commercial Administrative Bureau, Baoji, Shanxi Province Source: State Information Center: State Regulations Database Parties: Asian-Pacific Trade General Company (plaintiff) v. Industrial and commercial Administrative Bureau, Baoji, Shanxi Province (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: Superior People’s Court, Shanxi Province (First instance); Supreme Court of the PRC (Court […]
to Protect Its Rights No. 7 Chemistry Factory Struggles In the Anti-Dumping Case of CAOGANLIN, Winning the Case in Australia
ID: TARP-147 Title: to Protect Its Rights No. 7 Chemistry Factory Struggles In the Anti-Dumping Case of CAOGANLIN, Winning the Case in Australia Source: Pesticide (by Baojun Wang), 2002, vol 43, no 8 Parties: MENSHANDU Australia Co. vs. CAOGANLIN exporters from P.R.China Dispute Resolution Organ: Australia Customs Year: 2002 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: anti-dumping, China, […]
United States – Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 – AB – 2002-7
ID: TARP-074 Title: United States – Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 – AB – 2002-7 Source: http://www.wto.org, http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/tna-nac/dispute-en.asp#panel Parties: Complaints: Australia, Brazil, Chile, the European Communities, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Canada and Mexico; Respondent: USA Dispute Resolution Organ: Appellate Body of the WTO Year: 2003 Pages: 0 Author(s): Keywords: agriculture, anti-dumping, […]
Mr. Jirong Wang v Finance Bureau, the city of Yangzhong, Jiangsu Province
ID: TARP-058 Title: Mr. Jirong Wang v Finance Bureau, the city of Yangzhong, Jiangsu Province Source: State Information Center: State Regulations Database Parties: Mr. Jirong Wang (plaintiff) v Finance Bureau, the city of Yangzhong, Jiangsu Province (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: First instance: Yangzhong People’s Court; Court of appeal (fianl decision): Zhenjiang Intermediate People’s Court, Jiangsu […]
Aijian Advertisement Company, Shanghai v Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Changning District, Shanghai
ID: TARP-057 Title: Aijian Advertisement Company, Shanghai v Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Changning District, Shanghai Source: State Information Center: State Regulations Database Parties: Aijian Advertisement Company, Shanghai (plaintiff) v Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Changning District, Shanghai (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: First instance: People’s Court, Changning District, Shangai; Court of Appeal (final decision): Shanghai […]
Jinma Advertisement Ltd. V Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Nanshan District, Shanghai
ID: TARP-054 Title: Jinma Advertisement Ltd. V Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Nanshan District, Shanghai Source: Case Selection of the People’s Court Parties: Jinma Advertisement Ltd. (plaintiff) V Industrial and Commercial Administrative Bureau, Nanshan District, Shanghai (defendant) Dispute Resolution Organ: first instance: People’s Court, Nanshan District, Shanghai; Court of appeal (final decision): Shanghai No.1 Intermediate […]